international division of labor refers to the division of labor between countries of the world. It is a certain stage in the development of social division of labor, division of labor across national boundaries within the national economy of development, international trade and the world market basis. International division of labor is a contemporary development of international trade initiatives. It affects the regional distribution of international trade, international trade, the geographical direction of the international trade interests. Study the characteristics and changes in the international division of labor trends for the development of national foreign trade policy and foreign trade development planning of great significance. International division of labor as the international political,learn more professional information on the magnetic cores factory, economic and technological developments million in the development, in different historical periods have different characteristics.
Peter Drucker, renowned management scientists (2002) that "the truly revolutionary impact of information revolution has only just been felt. The stirred or contribute to this effect is not the 'information', not 'artificial intelligence', nor is it a computer or data processing on decision-making, policies or strategies have occurred role. It is the e-commerce, namely, the emergence of the Internet as a marketing channel. It is 10 years ago or 15 years ago, people actually unexpected things, it is profoundly changing economic, market and industry structure; changing the consumption is only broken down, consumer values and consumer behavior, job and labor market . "Drucker pointed out that the information revolution of electronic commerce on the meaning and significance of the railway to the industrial revolution similar to. Xu Zhenghua and Ma Zhisheng (2004) considers e-commerce is affecting today's international trade development, one of the four main factors, Liao Yulin (2000) considers e-commerce will be the mainstream of the world economy in the 21st century. This paper analyzes the impact of electronic commerce on international division of labor, and on this basis, summed up e-commerce environment, the characteristics of the international division of labor and China's response.
1, the international division of labor theory
Generated by the internal division of labor driven by people's pursuit of economic efficiency, Smith believes that the development of division of labor and specialization is the source of economic growth, division of labor has the advantage of access to the economic division of labor and specialization of the economy and thus to productive efficiency. His "absolute advantage theory" is explained partly generated by trade, but also for the first time demonstrated the mutual benefit of both the division of labor to give trade.
The external division of labor driven by technological progress. Scientific and technological revolution to promote the rapid development of productive forces, the production efficiency greatly improved. Industrial countries had to look abroad, and the establishment of origin of raw materials and product markets, and expand the international division of labor. Transport and communications technology has provided the material for this division of labor conditions.
The division of labor depends on the market size. Adam Smith put forward the "division of labor depends on the market, the scope of" point of view (ie,learn more professional information on the china ginger, Smith's theorem), he believes that "the division of labor causes the exchange capacity, degree of division of labor, so the size of the total exchange capacity subject to the restrictions, in other words, we should be Market Guangxia restrictions. If the market is too small, it should not encourage people to life-long special services a business. Because in this state, they can not use their own consumption, not the rest of labor and production materials, free in exchange for their own needs someone else the rest of labor and production materials. "The Young and further deepened Smith's theorem, proposed the" division of labor depends on the level of division of labor \This is not a tautology, because the first division of labor depends on the size of the market, that market demand for certain products is large enough, the intermediate product can be separated, which is the content of Smith's theorem. But at the same size of the market in turn depends on the division of labor, because on the one hand the market is very dependent on the purchasing power, that is, the actual level of income, such income levels are also dependent on labor productivity and labor productivity also depends on the division of development; the other hand, the division of labor the chain of production appear more and more specialized companies in the market on the exchange of more and more intermediate products, and the links among these production chain also promote each other, so that the market scale has expanded. In this division of labor and the market size of mutual promotion and circulation process of evolution has caused increasing returns and ultimately lead to economic progress.
The level of division of labor is also constrained by the transaction efficiency. On the one hand improve the division of labor productivity, people can in a shorter period of time to produce more products. The other hand, the exchange value of the product must be realized. Transaction costs is needed. The more developed division of labor,learn more professional information on the rolling bag making machine, the number of transactions and total transaction cost higher. One must compare the benefits of transaction costs and the division of labor. If the transaction costs exceed the benefits of division of labor, it is not as good as their own production rather than division of labor. Transaction costs are determined by transaction efficiency, the efficiency of the higher transaction cost, the lower the contrary, the transaction costs are high. Therefore, the higher the transaction efficiency, the higher the level of division of labor.
Second, the impact of electronic commerce on international division of labor
E-commerce has broad and narrow sense. Business e-commerce is talking about a narrow, generally refers to people to use electronic means to commodity exchange as the center of a variety of business activities, mainly the use of computer technology and network technology (mainly the Internet) and other modern information technology at various class business activities. From the whole community talking about e-commerce is a broad sense, it refers to all walks of life kinds of business, electronic and networking. Analysis of the socio-economic impact of e-commerce in general to analyze the broad sense. E-commerce with virtualization, low-cost, efficient and transparent. E-commerce in a short period of time has gone deep into the production, exchange, consumption, affecting people's production and life, formed a new economic form - e-commerce economy.
The so-called e-commerce economy,learn more professional information on the fresh ginger, simply put, is the use of computer technology and the Internet to conduct economic activities, it is based on information technology-based, knowledge-driven factor as the main elements of the network as the basic tool of production. From the economic characteristics and technical background, the e-economy is the "network economy"; from the national economic structure and leading industry sense, e-commerce economy is the "information economy"; from economic activities in the technical content of the The role of knowledge in speaking, e-commerce is the "knowledge economy"; from modern information technology, digital feature point of view,learn more professional information on the sendust cores, e-commerce economy is the "digital economy." This economic pattern is the second agricultural economy, industrial economy after the third socio-economic patterns.
The impact of electronic commerce on international division of labor mainly to promote the deepening of international division of labor. Because e-commerce environment, the market expanded, and trading efficiency increased.
First of all, e-commerce to promote the "borderless" world's largest market formation. E-commerce appeared, breaking through the traditional market must be premised on a certain geographical conditions of existence of the pattern in the world formed an information network as a link to Internet as the carrier of the "borderless" globalization big market. This market is known as virtual market. On the one hand, merchants can all over the world came together in the virtual market, eliminating barriers of distance, so that countries in economic and trade ties and cooperation be strengthened considerably. On the other hand, the formation of virtual market allows goods and services and other relevant information can be more fully within the framework of a global, free flow.
Second, e-commerce transaction greatly improve efficiency and reduce costs. A transaction consists of three streams, namely,learn more professional information on the leisure chair, logistics, capital flow and information flow. Compared with the traditional transactions, e-commerce environment, information flow and capital flow are available through the network a snap. First, document processing cost savings. Through the survey shows that in the traditional counseling trade business, an import and export business-related documents need to be addressed about 200 to 350 copies, business processes can be up to several months, and paper printing and the total cost of error is approximately of the value of 7 %. If the application of e-commerce, not only can simplify the data processing procedures and reduce document processing cycle, and can eliminate the asymmetry in the process of information transmission, greatly reducing costs. Singapore's trade network in the use of the declaration before the needs of every 3 days, spend 12 SGD 25 SGD, application EDI after 15 minutes for each declaration, an S ~ 2 S, alone, each year for the Singapore to save 600 million U.S. dollars document processing fees. Second, savings from a traditional business, accommodation and many other transactions in the personnel costs.
Once again, e-commerce environment, enterprises more competition and faster technological progress. Enterprises in order to reduce investment risk, hedge against market uncertainty,другим, cope with rapid technological change and shortening product life cycles have begun through outsourcing and global procurement, processing and manufacturing methods such as spin-off non-core value chains, and even outright sale of the production at home and abroad of branches to form a value chain modularity. The so-called value chain modularity, that is, the integration of an industry value chain structure gradually the value of fission into a number of independent nodes, between nodes through the horizontal concentration, integration and feature enhancements, the formation of several relatively independent of the value of the module manufacturers as well as the Certain Rules Relating to design and integrator of industrial dynamic differentiation, integration process. Modular value chain process is the process of deepening division of labor. E-commerce environment, the deepening of international division of labor is mainly manifested in the division of labor and level of refinement.
The center of gravity of the pattern of international division of labor has already begun to inter-industry division of labor to the industry division of labor and intra-product division of labor within the shift from vertical to horizontal division of labor division of labor changes. The so-called vertical international division of labor is the manufacturing and raw materials division of labor. Horizontal international division of labor is the industrial production specialization and cooperation,learn more professional information on the tinplate sheet, and there are multi-faceted. Intra-product division of labor is characterized by the production of certain products and services, the supply of passes through the different processes, different sections,learn more professional information on the bubble cushioned kraft paper mailer, different links in different spatial zones is completed,learn more professional information on the glass basin, which is different from a factory in the house to complete the whole process flow of a production. Within the international division of labor is the product of different processes, sections and links start to different countries, constitute a basis element of economic globalization. Intra-product division of labor is the basis of a comparative advantage, an economies of scale. Modern information technology and e-commerce division of labor within the industry has provided the conditions.
3, conclusions, and revelation
E-commerce has promoted the development of the international division of labor. This made the people reflected in the horizontal intra-industry division of labor and the status of division of labor become increasingly prominent. The traditional international industrial transfer are being evolved into the industry chain and product configuration processes of decomposition and globalization. Decomposition of the value chain, based on each enterprise can only be according to their core competencies and advantages of resources, shrinking its business areas, engaging in a particular part of the value chain or a process. Any enterprise, and only a value-chain integration, and accurate positioning in the value chain in order to obtain better survival and development. For developed countries, in the context of globalization of production, along with multinational companies on a global scale for optimal allocation of resources,learn more professional information on the copper clad aluminum, they are bound to seek the lowest-cost countries or regions to organize production and labor costs due to the larger location differences, not only the traditional labor-intensive industries and labor-intensive sectors, including high-tech industries, including overseas transfer is inevitable, so as to intervene in emerging industries in developing countries, full participation in the international division of labor and international competition provides a new opportunities and conditions, but also for the development of China's foreign trade has provided new opportunities.
On the other hand, in the new pattern of international division of labor, a country or region to enhance the status of international division of labor will focus on the performance of processes or products for the industrial chain and value-added capabilities of their status was upgraded. Levels in the industry chain, from manufacturing to R & D part of the design and brand marketing value-added chain transfer is to enhance the status and the division of the significant signs; in production, the more close to the production of its technical content of the upper reaches of the higher value the greater the The more close to the downstream production of knowledge and skills requirements of their lower value-added is also smaller. This means that e-commerce environment, if China continues to the advantage of rich labor resources, participate in international competition, foreign trade conditions, will continue to deteriorate, foreign trade interests would be further reduced. To get the most favorable conditions for foreign R & D capability is necessary to continuously improve, cultivate independent brands and equipment manufacturing capacity.